Senarai Rekacipta Zaman Pertengahan Islam (Muzik)

|
7. Scales in music

Did you know that the basic scale in music today comes from Arabic syllables do, re, mi, fa, sol, la and ti? The Arabic alphabet for these notes is Dal-Ra-Mim-Fa-Sad-Lam-Sin.

The notation, which consists of the syllables (known as solmisation); do, re, mi, fa, sol, la and ti, is widely known as Latin, borrowed from the syllables of the Hymn of St. John. The Italian musician, Guido of Arezzo (c.995-1050) is commonly credited with its invention in 1026. However Villoteau, (d.1839) took the position of the French historian Laborde, admitting the Muslim influence on the theory of music. From comparing Guido's music scale with that of the Muslims, he found striking resemblances, which led him to believe that the former had adopted his theory from the Muslims. He commented: "according to all appearances it is this latter which served as the model for that of Guido of Arezzo".
How did Guido know about Muslim work?

Soriano revealed that Guido had studied in Catalunya, in Spain. Hunke established that these Arabic syllables were found in an eleventh century Latin treatise produced in Monte Cassino, a place which had been occupied by the Muslims a number of times, and was the retiring place of Constantine Africanus, the great Tunisian scholar who migrated from Tunis to Salerno and then to Monte Cassino. It is doubtful that such work could have escaped the attention of Guido.

Senarai Reka Cipta Pada Zaman Pertengahan Islam (Universiti)

|

Institusi[sunting]

Sebilangan institusi penting ekonomi, pendidikan, hukum dan saintifik terdahulunya dikenali di dunia silam mendapatkan asal-usul merkea dalam dunia zaman pertengahan Islam.

Senarai Rekacipta Zaman Pertengahan Islam (Kosmetik)

|
Penuh di mswikipedia
Ini untuk kosmetik
Sebilangan kosmetik hygienic telah dicipta oleh ahli kimia Muslim, ahli kosmetologi dan dokor.[88]
  • Bangs: Pada abad ke-9, Ziryab memperkenalkan suatu gaya rambut baru untuk para wanita di introduced a Al-Andalus: suatu yang "lebih penduk, potongan berbentuk, dengan bangs di dahi dan telinga tidak ditutup."[90]

Minyak wangi[sunting]

Kegunaan minyak wangi telah dirakam di Semenanjung Arab sejak abad ke-7, dan umat Islam membuat banyak pengembagangan pada minyak wangi pada abad-abad berikutnya. Ini termasuk extraction pelbagai wangi-wangian, sebagaimana juga stangi pengeluaran besar murah. Ahli sains Islam seperti Al-Kindi menjelaskan pelbagai bilangan resipi untuk pelbagai julat minyak wangi, cosmetics dan pharmaceuticals.
  • Kapur barus: Pada abad ke-9, ahli kimia Arab Al-Kindi (Alkindus) memberikan resipi terawal untuk pembangunan camphor dalam Kitab Kimiya' al-'Itr (Book of the Chemistry of Perfume).[93]
  • Minyak wangi lelaki, di bawah lengan dan pegulungan: Pada abad ke-9, Ziryab mencipta minyak wangi lelaki bawah lengan di Al-Andalus.[27] Pada sekitar 1000, suatu lagi deodrant bawah-lengan dijelaskan di Al-Andalus oleh Abulcasis,[89] who also invented perfumed stocks, rolled and pressed in special moulds, similar to modern roll-on deodorants.[94]
  • Minyak wangi melur dan limau: Umat Islam memperkenalkan bahan-bahan baru pada minyak wangi, yang dihasilkan dari berlainan rempah, herba, dan bahan-bahan wangian lain, yang masih digunakan dalam minyak wangi moden. Ini termasuk bunga melur dari Asia Selatan and Tenggara, dan buah limau dari Asia Timur.
  • Al-Kindi (801-873) from Kufah (Iraq) is another scholar who made a lasting impact on the development of chemistry. His book Kitab Kimiya' al-'Itr (Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations), signalled by H. Ritter in an Istanbul manuscript and edited in 1948 by Karl Garbers, contains more than 100 recipes for fragrant oils, salves, aromatic waters and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. We will talk more about his work in the section on Perfumes.

    5. Perfumes from the East

    People have enjoyed perfume for centuries. The hard work of two talented chemists, Jabir ibn Hayyan (born 722) and al-Kindi (born 801) helped lay the foundations and established the perfume industry. Jabir developed many techniques, including distillation, evaporation and filtration, which enabled the collection of the odour of plants into a vapour that could be collected in the form of water or oil.

    Al-Kindi was the real founder of the perfume industry as he carried out extensive research and experiments in combining various plants and other sources to produce a variety of scented products. He elaborated a vast number of recipes for a wide range of perfumes, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. His work in the laboratory is reported by a witness who said `I received the following description, or recipe, from Abu Yusuf Ya'qub b. Ishaq al-Kindi, and I saw him making it and giving it an addition in my presence.' The writer goes on in the same section to speak of the preparation of a perfume called ghaliya, which contained musk, amber and other ingredients which reveals a long list of technical names of drugs and apparatus.

    Musk and floral perfumes were brought to Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries from Arabia, through trade with the Islamic world and with the returning Crusaders. Those who traded for these were most often also involved in trade for spices and dyestuffs. There are records of the Pepperers Guild of London which go back to 1179; their activities include trade in spices, perfume ingredients and dyes.

     

Chinvet Bridge Atau Titian Chinvet

|
As usual, from Syed Cinvet Bridge

Facebook Mohd Herman Roslan

|
Banyak juga di dapat info

Governor Melaka sini

peta melaka 1750

raja melewar